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Andrew the Apostle ((ギリシア語:Ἀνδρέας), ''Andreas''; from the early 1st century – mid to late 1st century AD), also known as Saint Andrew and called in the Orthodox tradition ''Prōtoklētos'' (Πρωτόκλητος) or the ''First-called'', was a Christian Apostle and the brother of Saint Peter. The name "Andrew" (Greek: manly, brave, from ἀνδρεία, ''Andreia'', "manhood, valour"), like other Greek names, appears to have been common among the Jews, Christians, and other Hellenized people of the region. No Hebrew or Aramaic name is recorded for him. According to Orthodox tradition, the apostolic successor to Saint Andrew is Patriarch Bartholomew I. ==Life== The New Testament states that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter,〔(Butler, Alban. ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints'', Vol. III )〕 by which it is inferred that he was likewise a son of John, or Jonah. He was born in the village of Bethsaida on the Sea of Galilee. Both he and his brother Peter were fishermen by trade, hence the tradition that Jesus called them to be his disciples by saying that he will make them "fishers of men" (Greek: , ''halieĩs anthrōpōn'').〔Metzger & Coogan (1993) ''Oxford Companion to the Bible'', p 27.〕 At the beginning of Jesus' public life, they were said to have occupied the same house at Capernaum. In Matthew's Gospel () and in Mark's Gospel () Simon Peter and Andrew were both called together to become disciples of Jesus and "fishers of men". These narratives record that Jesus was walking along the shore of the Sea of Galilee, observed Simon and Andrew fishing, and called them to discipleship. In the parallel incident in Luke's Gospel () Andrew is not named, nor is reference made to Simon having a brother. In this narrative, Jesus initially used a boat, solely described as being Simon's, as a platform for preaching to the multitudes on the shore and then as a means to achieving a huge trawl of fish on a night which had hitherto proved fruitless. The narrative indicates that Simon was not the only fisherman in the boat (''they signaled to their partners in the other boat …'' ()) but it is not until the next chapter () that Andrew is named as Simon's brother. However, it is generally understood that Andrew was fishing with Simon on the night in question. Matthew Poole, in his ''Annotations on the Holy Bible'', stressed that 'Luke denies not that Andrew was there'. In contrast, the Gospel of John () states that Andrew was a disciple of John the Baptist, whose testimony first led him, and another unnamed disciple of John the Baptist, to follow Jesus. Andrew at once recognized Jesus as the Messiah, and hastened to introduce him to his brother. Thenceforth, the two brothers were disciples of Christ. On a subsequent occasion, prior to the final call to the Apostolate, they were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to follow Jesus. Subsequently in the gospels, Andrew is referred to as being present on some important occasions as one of the disciples more closely attached to Jesus.〔; , ; but in Acts there is only one mention of him.〕 Andrew told Jesus about the boy with the loaves and fishes (), and when Philip wanted to tell Jesus about certain Greeks seeking Him, he told Andrew first (). Andrew was present at the Last Supper. Eusebius in his church history 3,1 quoted Origen as saying that Andrew preached in Scythia. The Chronicle of Nestor adds that he preached along the Black Sea and the Dnieper river as far as Kiev, and from there he traveled to Novgorod. Hence, he became a patron saint of Ukraine, Romania and Russia. According to tradition, he founded the See of Byzantium (later Constantinople and Istanbul) in AD 38, installing Stachys as bishop. According to Hippolytus of Rome, he preached in Thrace, and his presence in Byzantium is also mentioned in the apocryphal Acts of Andrew, written in the 2nd century; Basil of Seleucia also knew of Apostle Andrew's mission in Thrace, as well as Scythia and Achaia.〔Ferguson, Everett. ''Encyclopedia of early Christianity'', p. 51.〕 This diocese would later develop into the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Andrew, along with Saint Stachys, is recognized as the patron saint of the Patriarchate.〔http://www.patriarchate.org/home〕 Andrew is said to have been martyred by crucifixion at the city of Patras (Patræ) in Achaea, on the northern coast of the Peloponnese. Early texts, such as the ''Acts of Andrew'' known to Gregory of Tours,〔In ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' II, cols. 821-847, translated in M.R. James, ''The Apocryphal New Testament'' (Oxford) reprinted 1963:369.〕 describe Andrew as bound, not nailed, to a Latin cross of the kind on which Jesus is said to have been crucified; yet a tradition developed that Andrew had been crucified on a cross of the form called ''Crux decussata'' (X-shaped cross, or "saltire"), now commonly known as a "Saint Andrew's Cross" — supposedly at his own request, as he deemed himself unworthy to be crucified on the same type of cross as Jesus had been.〔The legends surrounding Andrew are discussed in F. Dvornik, "The Idea of Apostolicity in Byzantium and the Legend of the Apostle Andrew", ''Dumbarton Oaks Studies'', IV (Cambridge) 1958.〕 "The familiar iconography of his martyrdom, showing the apostle bound to an X-shaped cross, does not seem to have been standardized before the later Middle Ages," Judith Calvert concluded after re-examining the materials studied by Louis Réau.〔Judith Calvert, "The Iconography of the St. Andrew Auckland Cross", ''The Art Bulletin'' 66.4 (December 1984:543-555) p. 545, note 12; according to Louis Réau, ''Iconographie de l'art chrétien'' III.1 (Paris) 1958:79, St. Andrew's Cross appeared for the first time in the tenth century, but did not become an iconographic standard before the seventeenth. Calvert was unable to find a sculptural representation of Andrew on the saltire cross earlier than an architectural capital from Quercy, of the early twelfth century.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Andrew the Apostle」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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